An effective combating with corruption requires knowing its size and aspects. Bribery and embezzlement are two kinds of corruption in most countries, where billions of dollars are wasted for them every year. Therefore, it is important to know the amount of costs incurred for these corruptions. To this end, various methods have been developed by anti-corruption experts to measure and estimate the amount of bribery and embezzlement. Some of these methods are objective but others are based on perception. This paper attempts to introduce various methods of measuring bribery and embezzlement with objective examples from different countries. Keywords: corruption, measuring corruption, perception, bribery, embezzlement An effective combating with corruption requires knowing its size and aspects. Bribery and embezzlement are two kinds of corruption in most countries, where billions of dollars are wasted for them every year. Therefore, it is important to know the amount of costs incurred for these corruptions. To this end, various methods have been developed by anti-corruption experts to measure and estimate the amount of bribery and embezzlement. Some of these methods are objective but others are based on perception. This paper attempts to introduce various methods of measuring bribery and embezzlement with objective examples from different countries. Keywords: corruption, measuring corruption, perception, bribery, embezzlement
Administrative Health Research