http://www.salamatedari-mag.ir/ Administrative Health Research en daily 1 Thu, 22 May 2025 00:00:00 +0330 Thu, 22 May 2025 00:00:00 +0330 http://www.salamatedari-mag.ir/article_722027.html AbstractThe General Inspection Organization of the country is one of the review institutions stipulated in the constitution of Islamic Republic of Iran, which can remove corruption and lack of agility from the laps of institutions and administrative organizations with its authority. This organization is a monitoring institution that is included in the structure of the judiciary, and for this reason, Iranian legal researchers differed in the type of review. Some have considered its review as investigative, some as non-judicial but with judicial powers, and some have considered its placement in the judiciary as one of the causes of its inefficiency. This article, with a descriptive-analytical method, has concluded that judicial review in the common sense of the word, which is applied by the judges of the courts and the Administrative Court of Justice, is not compatible with the current structure of the General Inspection Organization of the country, and that judicial review cannot be imposed on it. But it seems that the Constitution of the Islamic Republic, considering the background and the existence of institutions such as "Diwan Begi" in the Safavid era, which was the highest judicial institution in the country and had review powers and duties over government bodies and officials, did not consider the judiciary to sit in the court and listen to the people's claims, and in fact, considered the position of the judiciary and the judiciary as an institution that detects corruption and is active in the field of society and government. http://www.salamatedari-mag.ir/article_724921.html Corruption is a form of dishonesty or a criminal offense undertaken by a person or organization entrusted with a position of authority, to acquire illicit benefits or abuse power for personal gain. It is one of the basic problems in different societies in a way that is destructive for the economy, politics, society, and environment. Corruption disrupts governance and severely weakens the social structure of society, trust, confidence, and the rule of law. The opposite of corruption is transparency. The main goal of transparency is to fight corruption and to hold the country's officials responsible and accountable. Additionally, in terms of economic and informational transparency, economic and commercial activities should be predictable, and the anonymized microdata of the country's governing bodies should be promptly provided to the society in an appropriate structure and with acceptable quality as a public good in the context of open data. The concept of information transparency means that there is easy and free access to statistical information and high-quality microdata in a timely and punctuality format for everyone. Transparency allows individuals and organizations to have full access to correct and accurate information they need. This enables them to check the performance of institutions and organizations and ensure that the decisions and executive actions of the rulers of the country are fair, accurate, and carried out correctly. The transparency infrastructure includes quality data, a culture and commitment to data and metadata exchange, expertise in data collation, data matching, record linkage, and proper analysis of aggregated data. http://www.salamatedari-mag.ir/article_721349.html Corruption is a universal phenomenon that all sectors, both public and private sectors to influence. Most recent studies have tried to investigate corruption in the public sector but should know that an effect of corruption, the private sector. This study aimed to investigate the effect of the application of information technology to reduce corruption in the private sector. The study, descriptive – survey. The study population, managers, experts and specialists in the private sector are the GAM industrial company of Arak. Standard with the whole five points Lickert questionnaire to collect information is used. Validity of the questionnaire by a number of experts and professionals and executive management was approved, and then to assess the reliability, Cronbach's alpha coefficient for variable 904. Spss software, respectively, which was the right amount. In order to analyze the data using SPSS and AMOS structural equation modeling was used. The results showed that the positive effect of the use of information technology directly and significantly to reducing corruption in the private sector and this sector can use this important technology to take basic measures to reduce corruption. http://www.salamatedari-mag.ir/article_724920.html The issue of combating corruption has been a long-standing concern for Chinese statesmen, ultimately leading to the establishment of an institution known as the National Supervisory Commission. Understanding the true nature of this institution within the framework of liberal concepts, which dominate the constitutional law literature, is not possible and presents an incomplete picture. In this research, by adopting the analytical constitutional framework of Jiang Shigong, a Chinese political and legal theorist, an attempt has been made to clarify the nature of this institution within China's constitutional order. According to this new framework, to comprehend China's constitutional order, one must look beyond the written legal texts. In this regard, Jiang Shigong considers the role of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) as central to the constitutional legal order and regards the Party's leadership as the supreme principle of China's constitutional law. From his perspective, the Party is not merely a political reality but a fundamental norm that underpins the entire legal system. He views the Party as the custodian of political affairs and the state as the custodian of administrative affairs. Based on Jiang Shigong's analysis, as well as an examination of the process of establishing this institution and its relationship with the National People's Congress, it can be argued that this newly established institution has a political-administrative nature. Due to this dual nature, it is considered the highest supervisory and anti-corruption body in China. Furthermore, this indicates that, in the minds of the founders of this institution—namely, the Party—corruption and the fight against it are not purely administrative matters; if they were, this responsibility would have been delegated to the government as the custodian of administrative affairs. http://www.salamatedari-mag.ir/article_722118.html In legal systems influenced by the Romano-Germanic tradition, public will and the distinction between public and private interest shape a specific meaning of "administration" (Edareh). Understanding the current meaning of "administration" within Iran's legal framework requires grasping this historical context. The traditional understanding of "administration," emphasizing organizational and functional elements, has proven inadequate in the face of expanding administrative roles and the emergence of non-governmental organizations providing public services. This includes private companies operating under political oversight to deliver public services and benefits. The rigidity of the traditional concept of "administration" hinders oversight of these entities, leading to administrative corruption. Therefore, considering the evolution of the concept of "administration" to encompass such entities, like the Shaparak electronic payment network, necessitates a reevaluation of "administration" and, consequently, administrative corruption. This article, using a descriptive-analytical approach, addresses the central question: "What is the relationship between administrative corruption and nongovernmental organizations providing public services?" To answer this, the organizational and functional elements of "administration" and the three components of administrative corruption are analyzed in relation to Shaparak as a case study. The findings are: firstly, administrative corruption can be defined as a violation of the public will for private gain, aiming to increase civil inequality; and secondly, nongovernmental organizations providing public services, such as Shaparak, can be defined within the scope of 'administration' and can commit administrative corruption. http://www.salamatedari-mag.ir/article_724925.html Decent governance is a multifaceted concept, the goal of decent governance is to increase the efficiency of a political system for the administration of society. In traditional politics, the main issue of power is government, but in governance, the main issue is better to run society and institutions with the support of government power. Although researchers in various sciences have looked at the issue of good governance from their perspective and make recommendations for implementation, given the limitations of governments, it is necessary to identify priorities in good governance; evaluating good governance indicators in developing countries requires a multifaceted approach, so the present study was conducted with the aim of evaluating and ranking good governance indicators from the perspective of experts using the method of Phase hierarchical analysis. According to studies, the key components of decent governance can be considered political stability, quality of supervision, control of corruption, rule of law, effectiveness of government and participation. On the other hand, in order to evaluate Governance Indicators, three methods of calculating the Millennium Challenge, The Global Governance Index and the combined index were also evaluated. Corruption control was considered the most important criterion for evaluating among the criteria for evaluating the indicators of decent governance; the next rankings belong to the criteria of the rule of Law, popular participation, quality of supervision, political stability and effectiveness of the state, respectively. In view of the results obtained in response to the question of which method is best suited to evaluate decent governance, taking into account all the evaluation criteria among the methods examined, it can be said that the Global Governance Index is ranked first. The next rankings are the combined Index and the Millennium Challenge Account, respectively. http://www.salamatedari-mag.ir/article_722026.html This study investigates the relationship between conflict of interest management and administrative integrity, with the mediating role of oversight institutions, in the Tehran Province Judiciary. The research population included all 1,897 judges in Tehran Province, with a sample size of 320 participants selected randomly based on Morgan’s table. Data were collected using three standard questionnaires: Administrative Integrity (Hoy et al., 1987), Conflict of Interest Management (Putnam & Wilson, 2015), and Oversight Institution (Anthony et al., 1989).Using structural equation modeling (SEM) with partial least squares (PLS), the findings revealed that conflict of interest management significantly and positively impacts administrative integrity (R² = 0.443). Additionally, oversight institutions positively influenced both administrative integrity (R² = 0.761, path coefficient = 0.761) and conflict of interest management (R² = 0.556, path coefficient = 0.556). The study also identified the mediating role of oversight institutions in the relationship between conflict of interest management and administrative integrity (VAF = 0.423).In conclusion, effective oversight institutions play a crucial role in monitoring judicial performance, improving conflict of interest management, and enhancing administrative integrity. These findings highlight the importance of strengthening conflict of interest management and oversight mechanisms to promote integrity within the judiciary. http://www.salamatedari-mag.ir/article_724922.html Managing conflicts of interest and identifying their situations depend on the legal and regulatory framework, as well as each country’s definition of the issue. Proper management and resolution of these situations provide the basis for preventing corruption and public distrust. For example, each country's energy sector and its natural monopoly create the context for the emergence of the aforementioned challenges. Solving this challenge becomes more complex when new actors enter the regulatory arena. It is necessary to consider all dimensions of an issue and the stakeholders and actors in the energy sector based on specific logic, such as regulatory governance. Based on this logic, setting regulations and creating transparent procedures in the interactions of actors, as well as identifying conflicts of interest and providing solutions if situations arise, are among the functions of this type of governance. Evaluating the impact of regulations is one of the principal measures of regulatory governance. Accordingly, policymakers and legislators assess the effectiveness of laws by continuously reviewing and updating laws related to conflicts of interest management. If they are ineffective, they amend them or enact more effective laws. http://www.salamatedari-mag.ir/article_722119.html Background and Objective: The presence and participation of civil society in criminal policy is of interest due to the need to observe the general interest of society and to increase the participation of civil society in important social areas. Accordingly, participatory criminal policy in the field of economics requires requirements, the recognition of which will lead to solving economic issues and problems. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to identify and analyze the practical requirements for realizing Iran's participatory criminal policy in the field of economics.Method: In this research, a mixed method (quasi-quantitative) or sequential exploration strategy was used. In the qualitative part, a grounded theory approach was used, and in the quantitative part, structural equation modeling was used to test the model. The statistical population is elites and professors in the field of criminal policy, and in the qualitative part, 15 samples were selected using a purposeful method, and in the quantitative part, 80 elites, Findings and Results: The research findings have shown that in the qualitative part, the requirements for realizing Iran's participatory criminal policy in the field of economy have been defined and specified in three core categories (empowerment of civil society, strong government response, and control and prevention), 8 central categories, and 21 open codes. In the quantitative part, control and prevention with a coefficient of 0.58, empowerment of civil society with a coefficient of 0.34, and strong government response with a coefficient of 0.30 have had a direct and significant effect on Iran's participatory criminal policy in the field of economy. As a result, it can be said that the presence of three important components in Iran's criminal policy: empowerment of civil society, strong government response, and control and prevention can lead to the development of policies in this field. http://www.salamatedari-mag.ir/article_724926.html Globally, free access to information is a cornerstone of ensuring transparency in the activities of public institutions. However, this principle sometimes conflicts with other rights and values, such as the rights related to trade secrets. The lack of a precise definition for trade secrets held by public institutions, the uncertainty surrounding the boundaries and mechanisms for ensuring their confidentiality, and doubts regarding the application of access-to-information obligations to such data create ambiguous boundaries, leading to significant challenges. On one hand, these challenges may manifest as breaches of the legitimate trade confidentiality of public entities, and on the other, as arbitrary non-transparency in their commercial activities. This raises the question: how can the right to free access to information for transparency purposes be reconciled with the right to protect the trade secrets of economic entities? To address this question, this research by identifying the legal and practical challenges and conflicts involved, Using a descriptive-analytical approach and drawing on national and international laws, practices, and written and digital library resources, seeks to provide solutions to balance these two conflicting rights. The findings indicate that certain laws related to public access to information include exceptions regarding the disclosure of specific types of data, including trade secrets. In Iranian law, a guideline has also been published regarding the distinction between public information and trade secrets. However, this article posits that since ambiguities still remain in this regard and the mentioned regulations do not provide sufficient clarity, in cases of conflict and lack of explicit provisions, transparency and public access to information should be prioritized as a fundamental right. http://www.salamatedari-mag.ir/article_721350.html Purpose: The aim of this study is to examine the dimensions of administrative integrity in the modern banking industry from the perspective of corporate governance, organizational professional ethics, and a human resource development approach.Methodology: This study aligns with the ontological, epistemological, and methodological positions of positivism. The research is applied in nature and uses a quantitative approach based on survey methodology. The statistical population consists of the organizational branches of Sepah Bank in West Azerbaijan province. To achieve the research objectives, a sample of 250 employees was selected from Sepah Bank branches in the province using simple random sampling. Data were collected using the five-factor corporate governance questionnaire by Baghayi (2015), the three-factor organizational health questionnaire by Hoy and Feldman (1996), and the seven-factor professional ethics questionnaire by Caduzier (2009). The data were analyzed using SmartPLS software and statistical tests including confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modeling.Findings: The findings showed that the direct relationship between corporate governance of banks and improvement of administrative integrity is less significant. However, corporate governance of banks has a significant relationship with the improvement of administrative integrity through the mediation of organizational professional ethics.Conclusion: Corporate governance of banks, along with the enhancement of organizational professional ethics, can contribute to the improvement of administrative integrity and better performance of the bank. http://www.salamatedari-mag.ir/article_726758.html The utilization of artificial intelligence as a tool for combating corruption and promoting administrative integrity necessitates the elucidation of the legal foundations of intelligent supervision and inspection, as well as addressing certain legal questions regarding its application in oversight processes. This article aims to define the concept of intelligent supervision, examine the aforementioned legal questions, and introduce new considerations in the discourse on oversight and artificial intelligence. The research seeks to answer the fundamental question of how the legal framework for intelligent supervision and the use of AI capabilities can contribute to combating administrative corruption and ensuring administrative integrity. This study is based on determining the role of technology and technological products, including software and robots, within the concept of supervision. Establishing this role will shape the framework of intelligent supervision. Given the determination of technology's role as a tool or a self-executing entity, this article will delineate the legal framework for its utilization. Furthermore, the study will address key legal questions arising from challenges in public law, such as the principle of legality, the principle of accountability, data privacy, and confidentiality. http://www.salamatedari-mag.ir/article_724923.html This study aimed to enhance the integrity of the administrative system by identifying, analyzing, and interpreting the obstacles to combating corruption in a national company affiliated with Iran’s oil industry. Adopting an interpretive philosophy, the research employed a grounded theory strategy and a qualitative methodology based on unstructured interviews. The participants comprised secretaries of the company’s Administrative Integrity Committee. Interview transcripts were meticulously reviewed and reread to extract key overt and latent concepts. Qualitative data were analyzed using a three-stage coding process (open, axial, and selective coding). The analysis yielded 89 concepts, categorized into 39 open codes, 42 axial codes, and 8 selective codes. These codes revealed the following barriers to combating corruption: Legal, Financial, Structural, Managerial, Political, Cultural, Process-related and Environmental. From a research perspective, the findings contribute to scholarly work in public administration, economics, political science, and sociology. Practically, they offer actionable insights for policymakers, public managers, and senior oil industry executives to design and implement strategies for mitigating corruption barriers. http://www.salamatedari-mag.ir/article_724924.html English Manufacturing and production activities in the country face numerous challenges and obstacles. Both external factors and the domestic situation have jeopardized production and halted its growth and momentum. One of these internal obstacles is the bureaucratic administrative system, characterized by features such as centralization, lengthy and time-consuming processes, lack of coordination between different sectors, rigid and inflexible procedures and processes, and other issues that have caused significant problems for production. Although the government cannot manage society, including its economy and production, without an administrative system, it must find a way to reform and mitigate the drawbacks of the bureaucratic management method to eliminate at least some of the obstacles to production in the country. New Public Management is the solution that, by applying its components, both increases the efficiency of the administrative system in the production sector and improves the quality of production and the provision of goods, while freeing production activities from the trap of ambiguous and complex administrative processes. This theory seeks to reform drawbacks such as the proliferation of ambiguous laws, governmental centralization, and process-oriented administrative procedures by emphasizing contract-based approaches, decentralization, and a focus on the results of administrative procedures. If successful in this endeavor, it can be hoped that bureaucratic obstacles to production will be removed. Therefore, the government must, in line with the changing conditions of the times and the country, based on the general policies of the system and development plans, revise the administrative system and take steps to reform and remove its obstacles. The New Public Management theory can play a significant role in this process. http://www.salamatedari-mag.ir/article_735332.html The High Council of Civil Aviation (the HCCA) is considered one of the oldest and most important associative institutions in governance of the civil aviation industry of Iran. This article has attempted to reach a good recognition and analysis of the Council. This aim has been realized through considering the history of the HCCA in terms of its constitution and developments, a critique of the functioning and situation of the HCCA, as well as, discussing about the possible approaches to the existence and the future of the HCCA. The fundamental conclusion of the present analysis and recognition, demonstrates that two propositions concerning the existence of HCCA and its future, could be set up, based on the insufficiencies and difficulties which the HCCA encounters nowadays and also other existing laws and regulations. First, the necessity of continuance of Council’s existence (reinforcement and rehabilitation of the Council) and the second, the necessity of abolishment and annulment of the Council. Both of them are supported by the special arguments and documents but it seems that the first proposition avail itself of more authority and reputation compared to the second proposition. Additionally, if we are taking into consideration the historical background of the Council and the philosophy of constitution behind the “High Council of Aviation” as the predecessor of “HCCA”, that would aid the Iranian aviation industry significantly so that decides positively in respect of the reinforcement or rehabilitation of the Council and conversely, its abolishment. http://www.salamatedari-mag.ir/article_735460.html The present study seeks to identify the factors affecting people's participation in submitting corruption reports to the General Inspection Organization and to model and interpret the relationships between these factors for further explanation and understanding among managers and policymakers. The study was conducted in a qualitative-quantitative manner; first, the effective factors were identified using the systematic review method, and in the next stage, the relationships between the factors were modeled and interpreted using the comprehensive fuzzy structural-interpretive modeling method. The findings in the systematic review section showed that the factors affecting people's participation in reporting corruption include 8 components. The components are: individual characteristics, moral and spiritual (value) characteristics, structural characteristics, legal characteristics, motivational characteristics, communication and informational characteristics, security characteristics, and educational and cultural characteristics. The findings in the comprehensive fuzzy structural-interpretive modeling section showed that there is a cause-and-effect relationship between the factors affecting people's participation in reporting corruption, and the factors were classified into three levels; in such a way that at level one, which is the most influential level, there are motivational characteristics, moral and spiritual (value) characteristics, and educational and cultural characteristics; at level two, there are individual characteristics, communication and informational characteristics, and security characteristics; and at level three, which is the most influential level, there are structural characteristics and legal characteristics. The results showed that the existence of a precise and specific structure and rules are the basic foundations in attracting people's participation in reporting corruption. After attracting public participation, maintaining security, creating a communication and information circle, and personal characteristics will strengthen public participation. Finally, creating motivation, maintaining ethics and values, and proper education, and creating an appropriate cultural context will lead to the peak of public participation in reporting corruption. http://www.salamatedari-mag.ir/article_735461.html Administrative corruption remains a critical impediment to economic development, public trust, and the realization of effective governance. This study conducts a comprehensive meta-analysis of over 150 scholarly sources—both domestic and international—published between 2000 and 2025, to identify the root causes of corruption and evaluate strategic preventive measures within institutional and corporate contexts. The findings reveal that corruption is not a singular phenomenon but a systemic outcome driven by the interaction of four key dimensions: socio-cultural norms, economic pressures, managerial-organizational deficiencies, and legal-political frameworks. Countries such as Japan, Denmark, New Zealand, Germany, and Singapore have demonstrated measurable success in reducing corruption—by 20–30%—through integrated approaches including financial transparency systems, digital governance platforms, blockchain technologies, artificial intelligence, and robust legal protections for whistleblowers. This research applies advanced analytical tools such as the CASP checklist, Leave-One-Out sensitivity analysis, and cross-impact matrices to assess the dynamic interplay between internal and external factors influencing corruption. The result is a multidimensional, adaptable framework tailored to the Iranian context, offering policymakers a practical model for risk assessment and regulatory enhancement. The study’s innovation lies in its simultaneous focus on public institutions and private corporations, its holistic methodology encompassing structural, cultural, managerial, and technological aspects, and its alignment with international standards such as the United Nations Convention Against Corruption (UNCAC). By integrating global best practices with Iran’s socio-economic and legal realities, the research proposes a localized, actionable model for corruption prevention. Ultimately, this study serves as a foundational resource for developing evidence-based, operational anti-corruption policies at the national level. It provides strategic insights for leaders and decision-makers seeking to strengthen oversight mechanisms, reduce systemic vulnerabilities, and foster a culture of integrity across both governmental and corporate sectors. http://www.salamatedari-mag.ir/article_735462.html In the era of digital transformation, traditional oversight mechanisms no longer suffice to address the complexity and speed of governance decision-making. The emergence of new technologies, data-driven approaches, and participatory models has intensified the need to design a digital oversight ecosystem. This study aims to identify and prioritize the factors influencing the formation and advancement of such an ecosystem at the national level. The research employs a mixed-method approach, conducted in two phases: meta-synthesis and interpretive structural modeling (ISM). First, through meta-synthesis of 15 reputable international scientific documents published between 2015 and 2025, key factors contributing to the development of a digital oversight ecosystem were identified. Then, using ISM analysis, expert opinions were examined to prioritize the identified factors. Findings reveal that the factors influencing the digital oversight ecosystem fall into five conceptual levels:Leadership (the most fundamental factor),Digital technologies, data, nd culture (infrastructural factors),Support and oversight processes (operational factors),Ecosystem processes (structural factors),Governance values such as transparency, justice, and public trust (as the ultimate outcomes of the structure) The proposed model demonstrates that successful implementation of digital oversight requires sustained interaction among technical, cultural, and institutional elements. Sole reliance on technology, without structural reforms and transformative leadership, is insufficient. The innovation of this study lies in presenting a multi-level, interactive, and generalizable model for analyzing the digital oversight ecosystem—one that is conceptually useful for policymakers and can serve as a foundation for designing indicators, evaluations, and digital transformation programs within national oversight institutions. http://www.salamatedari-mag.ir/article_735463.html Anti-corruption reforms in Iran, despite increasing necessity and internal and international pressures, have failed to achieve effective and sustainable results over the past decades due to institutional, cultural, and structural barriers. This study, employing an institutional analysis approach and qualitative methods, examines the reasons behind the failure of these reforms. Data were collected through the analysis of 24 official documents and 18 semi-structured interviews with experts, government officials, and policymakers in the governance sector. The findings indicate that three main mechanisms play a decisive role in shaping institutional resistance: first, historical dependence and institutional lock-in, which prevent changes along established paths; second, unhealthy interactions between formal institutions and informal power networks, which perpetuate opaque relationships and reproduce corruption-prone patterns; and third, institutional fragmentation and weak coordination among responsible agencies, which undermine the implementation capacity of reforms. The results suggest that without gradual institutional restructuring, increased transparency, and strengthened independence of supervisory bodies, anti-corruption policies in Iran will continue to fail. Finally, the study offers practical recommendations for reducing institutional resistance, enhancing organizational accountability, and institutionalizing sustainable reforms. http://www.salamatedari-mag.ir/article_734341.html The present study seeks to prioritize the factors affecting people's participation in submitting corruption reports to the General Inspection Organization with the help of experts from the Fars Provincial Inspectorate General. The research was conducted quantitatively; using the best-worst fuzzy method, the effective factors were determined and prioritized. The statistical population of the study in the best-worst fuzzy section (experts) included senior managers of the General Inspection of Fars Province (Inspector General, Deputy Inspectors General, and Chief Inspectors), who were 9 people in total, all of whom were selected as samples. The findings showed that among the components, the security features component is of the greatest importance and the structural features are of the least importance. The results showed that when prioritizing the effective factors for attracting people's participation in submitting corruption reports, maintaining the security of reporters and strengthening their motivation have a high priority and special attention should be paid to them.